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In the Brain, Seven Is A Magic Number
Having a tough time recalling a phone number someone spoke a few minutes ago or forgetting items from a mental grocery list is not a sign of mental decline; in fact, it's natural.
Countless psychological experiments have shown that, on average, the longest sequence a normal person can recall on the fly contains about seven items. This limit, which psychologists dubbed the "magical number seven" when they discovered it in the 1950s, is the typical capacity of what's called the brain's working memory.
Now physicists have come up with a model of brain activity that seems to explain the reason behind the magical memory number.
If long-term memory is like a vast library of printed tomes, working memory is a chalkboard on which we rapidly scrawl and erase information. The chalkboard, which provides continuity from one thought to the next, is also a place for quick-and-dirty calculations. It turns the spoken words that make up a telephone number into digits that can be written down or used to reply logically to a question. Working memory is essential to carrying on conversations, navigating an unfamiliar city and copying the moves in a new workout video.
It's easy to test how much you can fit on this chalkboard. Just have a friend make a list of ten words or numbers. Read the list once, and then try to recall the items. Most people max out at seven or fewer.
It makes intuitive sense: as a mental list gets longer, people are more likely to make mistakes or forget items altogether. But why do the clusters of neurons in our brains produce such a small chalkboard?
In a paper published on Nov. 19 in the journal Physical Review Letters, Mikhail Rabinovich, a neuroscientist at the BioCircuits Institute at the University of California, San Diego and Christian Bick, a graduate student at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization in Göttingen, Germany, present a mathematical picture of how neurons fire when we recall a sequence of steps -- such as turn-by-turn driving directions, the digits of a phone number or the words in a sentence.
When we hear the phrase "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times," a cluster of neurons fires during each word. When one cluster fires, it suppresses the others momentarily, preventing the sentence from coming out scrambled.
In Rabinovich and Bick's model, the excitation of a certain cluster represents a single point. As the neurons for "It," "was," "the," and "best" fire in sequence, the brain creates pathways from one point, or brain state, to the next. The more powerfully each excited cluster can inhibit or suppress all others in the sequence from firing, the more solid these pathways.
When we recall the sentence, the brain follows these pathways from state to state to reproduce the sequence, like a tightrope walker hurrying along a wire from one perch to the next.
As a sentence or a string of numbers gets longer, it becomes exponentially harder for the excited cluster to suppress the others from firing, resulting in pathways that are weak or barely there. Recalling seven items requires about 15 times the suppression needed to recall three. Ten items requires inhibitory powers that are 50 times stronger, and 20 or more items would require suppression hundreds of times stronger still. That, Rabinovich explained, is normally not biologically feasible.
"Synapses can't be stronger than that," he said. "The brain is a very complex biochemical machine."
Mathematical models like these may seem removed from the gritty reality of gray matter and neural chemistry, according to Karl Friston, who directs the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at University College London, but they provide a critical connection between what people actually experience and the hidden mechanisms inside the brain.
Rabinovich's model, Friston said, "is both plausible and compelling." It correctly predicts the working memory's capacity and with a little elaboration could be tested experimentally. Friston said the model suggests patterns in the working memory's activity that should be discernible in the brain's electrical signals.
The exception to Rabinovich's model may be autistic individuals who skip effortlessly past seven and eight items, memorizing even a hundred random numbers in a single read-through. Their brains seem to be able to create much stronger pathways than the typical brain.
Source: Inside Science News Service
Citation: In the Brain, Seven Is A Magic Number (2009, November 23) retrieved 19 October 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2009-11-brain-magic.html
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In a paper published on Nov. 19 in the journal Physical Review Letters, Mikhail Rabinovich, a neuroscientist at the BioCircuits Institute at the University of California, San Diego and Christian Bick, a graduate student at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization in Göttingen, Germany, present a mathematical picture of how neurons fire when we recall a sequence of steps -- such as turn-by-turn driving directions, the digits of a phone number or the words in a sentence.
They also adhere to strict manufacturing processes to ensure consistent quality across all their products. Furthermore, Baby Magic is known for its commitment to transparency. They provide detailed information on their product labels and websites, allowing parents to make informed decisions about what they are using on their babies' skin. Additionally, they have a dedicated customer support team that is available to answer any queries or concerns parents may have. Ultimately, Baby Magic has established itself as a reliable brand in the baby care industry through its long history, commitment to safety, and transparency. Parents can trust that the products they purchase will be gentle and effective, providing the care their little ones need..
Reviews for "Baby Magic: An Objective Look at Reliability"
1. Karen - 1 star - I was really disappointed with the Baby Magic products I purchased. The shampoo and body wash did not seem gentle at all and left my baby's skin feeling dry and irritated. I also found the scent to be overpowering and artificial. I ended up having to switch to a different brand that was much more gentle on my baby's delicate skin. I would not recommend Baby Magic based on my experience.
2. Mike - 2 stars - I had high hopes for Baby Magic products, but unfortunately, they didn't live up to my expectations. The lotion was too thick and greasy, leaving a residue on my baby's skin. It also didn't absorb well, making it difficult to dress my baby afterward. Additionally, the fragrance of the lotion was too strong and unpleasant for my taste. I wanted to like Baby Magic, but I found other brands to be much better in terms of texture, absorption, and scent.
3. Sarah - 2 stars - I used a few Baby Magic products on my newborn and was left unimpressed. The body wash and lotion both had a strong artificial scent that I did not like. I also felt that they didn't moisturize my baby's skin as well as other baby care brands. I found myself needing to reapply lotion frequently to keep my baby's skin hydrated. Overall, I was disappointed with the quality of the products and will not be repurchasing or recommending Baby Magic to others.
4. Daniel - 1 star - Baby Magic products were a complete letdown for me and my baby. The shampoo caused tears and irritation on my baby's sensitive scalp and eyes, despite being marketed as gentle. The diaper cream did little to prevent or soothe diaper rash, and the scent of it was overwhelming. I expected better performance from a brand specifically tailored for babies. I switched to a different brand and noticed an immediate improvement. I would not recommend Baby Magic based on my experience.