Tyla mineral, also known as Tyle mineral or Tyla mafic, is a type of mineral that falls under the mafic category. Mafic minerals are characterized by their high content of magnesium and iron, as well as low content of silica. Tyla mineral is specifically known for its unique composition and properties. Tyla mineral is typically found in igneous rocks, such as basalt and gabbro. It can also occur in metamorphic rocks, where it is formed through the recrystallization of pre-existing minerals. The mineral has a dark green to black color, which is a result of its high iron and magnesium content.
Mass. Senate clears final victim’s name from Salem Witch Trials
The mineral has a dark green to black color, which is a result of its high iron and magnesium content. One of the distinctive features of Tyla mineral is its high density. It has a specific gravity ranging from 3.
Elizabeth Johnson Jr.'s name has finally been cleared.
Salem Witch Trials. File PhotoNearly 330 years after the infamous Salem Witch Trials, the Massachusetts Senate has voted to clear the name of the final victim yet to be exonerated.
State House News Service (SHNS) reported Thursday that while debating the $50 billion budget, the Senate adopted an amendment from Methuen Sen. Diana DiZoglio that added Elizabeth Johnson Jr. to the resolution officially clearing the names of those wrongfully accused of witchcraft during the trials.
“While we’ve come a long way since the horrors of the Witch Trials, women today still all too often find their rights challenged and concerns dismissed,” DiZoglio told the news service.
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“There continue to be great injustices, with attacks on women and on the rights of marginalized populations. It was unacceptable then and remains unacceptable now that she and other women have been considered unworthy of the dignity and respect they deserve.”
Advertisement:According to SHNS, Johnson lived in what is now North Andover, and was 22 years old when she was convicted in 1693. She was not executed, but her name was never formally cleared.
Johnson was one of over 170 people accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 and 1693, according to Smithsonian Magazine. Of the accused, 19 were hung and one man was crushed to death.
Historians now cite mass hysteria and xenophobia as the cause of the trials, which remain the largest and most deadly witch hunt in the U.S., according to Smithsonian Magazine.
SHNS reported that a 1957 state legislative measure and a 2001 amendment officially pardoned most of the victims, but somehow Johnson was not included, and historians do not know why.
The effort to clear her name was started last year by teacher Carrie LaPierre’s North Andover Middle School eighth grade class. They urged DiZoglio to introduce legislation to clear Johnson’s name.
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Last Convicted Salem ‘Witch’ Is Finally Cleared
Not long after the conclusion of the Salem witch trials, residents of colonial Massachusetts began to reckon with the terrible miscarriages of justice that had taken place within their towns: Between 1692 and 1693, more than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft in Salem Village and its surrounding communities; 20 people were executed.
In 1697, Samuel Sewall, one of the trials’ judges, expressed guilt for participating in the proceedings. In 1702, the General Court of Massachusetts declared the trials unlawful. The colony passed a bill overturning the witchcraft convictions, mentioning 22 individuals by name, in 1711. Centuries later, in a 1957 resolution (later amended in 2001), Massachusetts exonerated additional victims.
But through it all, one woman remained unacknowledged, her legacy still tarnished by false allegations: Elizabeth Johnson Jr. Now, Johnson’s name has been cleared, finally bringing justice to the last conviction of the Salem witch trials, reports the New York Times’ Vimal Patel.
The exoneration was inside a state budget signed by Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker last week—329 years after Johnson was found guilty of witchcraft. This official pardon marks the successful conclusion of a lobbying campaign by an unexpected group of advocates: Carrie LaPierre, a Massachusetts teacher, and her eighth-grade civics class.
LaPierre first learned about Johnson in 2019. She presented the case to her class at North Andover Middle School, which subsequently embarked on an extended project to research Johnson’s story and petition lawmakers to clear her name.
“They spent most of the year working on getting this set for the legislature—actually writing a bill, writing letters to legislators, creating presentations, doing all the research, looking at the actual testimony of Elizabeth Johnson, learning more about the Salem witch trials,” LaPierre told the Boston Globe’s Andrew Brinker last year. “It became quite extensive for these kids.”
The students presented their work to State Senator Diana DiZoglio, who joined the exoneration effort, adding an amendment to the recent budget bill that received approval.
“These students have set an incredible example of the power of advocacy, and speaking up for others who don’t have a voice,” DiZoglio tells the Times.
The trials were motivated, in part, by xenophobia. Many of the victims were women, who were some of “society’s most marginal members,” as literature scholar Bridget Marshall wrote in the Conversation in 2019. Among those accused of witchcraft were an enslaved woman, a woman experiencing homelessness and a woman known for arguing publicly with her husband.
Johnson lived in Andover, Massachusetts, which saw more arrests than any other town during the Salem witch trials, historian Richard Hite told the Globe. She may have had a disability—her grandfather described her as “simplish”—which in turn may have made her an easy target for the allegations that swept through Puritan villages in Massachusetts.
Johnson was 22 when she was accused of practicing the “Devil’s magic” in 1692. Twenty-eight members of her extended family faced similar allegations, including her mother, several of her aunts and her grandfather. Johnson confessed to her purported “crimes” and was sentenced to death, only to be granted a reprieve by Massachusetts’ governor. When she died in 1747, she was 77.
Why did Johnson slip through the cracks in both historic and modern efforts to exonerate victims of the trials? Historians aren’t sure. The fact that her mother, who was also convicted, had the same name may have led to “administrative confusion,” per the Times. Johnson also did not have any known descendents who might advocate on her behalf.
Fortunately, she does have a band of middle school supporters, who doggedly took up her case.
“It’s been such a huge project,” LaPierre tells the Times. “We called her E.J.J., all the kids and I. She just became one of our world, in a sense.”
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Brigit Katz is a freelance writer based in Toronto. Her work has appeared in a number of publications, including NYmag.com, Flavorwire and Tina Brown Media's Women in the World.
Salem Witchcraft Trials Records, 1692-1693, undated
Please note that the physical collection has been returned to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.
This is a collection of documents from the Court of Oyer and Terminer's Salem, Massachusetts witchcraft trials in 1692. All descriptions of the documents, and their authors, have come from Bernard Rosenthal's book Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt . Hands refers to the person whose handwriting has been identified in the document, for example, "hand #2 Stephen Sewall" means that the second set of handwriting has been identified as belonging to Stephen Sewall. Documents have been indexed by name--conducting another search by individual name(s) will narrow down your search to specific documents.
The document in folder 19 (Elizabeth Fuller v. John Lee) does not, after much scholarly review, have anything to do with any witchcraft case (Rosenthal, 978).
The documents located in Folders 1 through 26 were digitized and can be found on a website hosted by the University of Virginia (http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/archives/eia.xml/).
Transcriptions of these documents, as well as additional witchcraft documents held in other archives, were published in Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum's, The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcriptions of the Court Records . Bernard Rosenthal's, Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt is another transcription that lists the events of the Witchcraft Trials chronologically.
0 to 3.5, indicating its heavy nature. This makes it ideal for various applications, such as in construction for producing dense and durable materials. Tyla mineral also has a high melting point, typically above 1000 degrees Celsius. This thermal resistance allows it to withstand high temperatures, making it suitable for use in industries that involve extreme heat, such as in the production of refractory materials. In addition to its physical properties, Tyla mineral also possesses certain chemical properties. It is typically low in silica content, which gives it a low viscosity when melted. This property is particularly advantageous in metallurgical processes, where it is used as a flux to reduce the viscosity of molten metals and facilitate the removal of impurities. Overall, Tyla mineral is a valuable and versatile mineral due to its unique composition and properties. Its high density, thermal resistance, and low viscosity make it suitable for various industrial applications. Its presence in igneous and metamorphic rocks contributes to the formation of diverse geological formations, further highlighting its significance in the Earth's geology..
Reviews for "Unveiling the Geological History of Mineral Mafic Tyla"
1. John - 2 stars - I was really disappointed with Tyla mineral mafic. The product felt heavy and greasy on my skin, and it didn't blend well at all. It left behind a white cast and didn't provide enough coverage to even out my skin tone. I also found that it didn't last throughout the day and would start to melt off, especially in warm weather. Overall, I wouldn't recommend this product for those looking for a lightweight and long-lasting mineral foundation.
2. Emily - 3 stars - I had high hopes for Tyla mineral mafic, but it didn't meet my expectations. The shade range is limited, and none of the shades matched my skin tone perfectly. The formula also felt drying on my skin and emphasized my dry patches. Additionally, it didn't provide enough coverage for my blemishes and redness, requiring me to use concealer on top of it. I'll be looking for another mineral foundation that offers better shade options and a more hydrating formula.
3. Sarah - 2 stars - I was not impressed with Tyla mineral mafic. The application was quite messy, and the product didn't blend well into my skin. It left a streaky finish and made my pores more visible. The staying power was also disappointing as it would start to break down after just a few hours, leaving my skin looking oily and patchy. Overall, I found this foundation to be ineffective and I wouldn't repurchase it or recommend it to others.