In history and folklore, witches are commonly depicted as individuals who possess magical abilities and engage in practices that are often perceived as evil or harmful. The behaviors associated with being a witch vary across cultures and time periods, but some common characteristics are often mentioned. One common behavior associated with being a witch is the use of spells and enchantments. Witches are believed to possess the ability to cast spells that can manipulate the natural world, often for personal gain or to harm others. These spells can include curses, love potions, or even the ability to control the weather. The use of spells and enchantments is considered a central aspect of being a witch, and it is often believed to be the source of their powers.
The use of spells and enchantments is considered a central aspect of being a witch, and it is often believed to be the source of their powers. Another behavior commonly associated with being a witch is the practice of witchcraft. Witchcraft is often defined as a form of sorcery or magic that is performed by witches.
What Does It Mean to Be a Witch Today?
Frances F. Denny (b. 1984). Shine, (New York, New York), 2017, from Major Arcana: Portraits of Witches in America series. Archival pigment print. Courtesy of Frances F. Denny and ClampArt, New York, NY
In 1692, a panic swept through Salem, Massachusetts. More than 200 people—mostly women—were accused of witchcraft; 20 were executed, and five more died in prison. What led a quiet New England town to turn against itself, and why, three centuries later, do these trials continue to captivate Americans?
A new exhibition at the New-York Historical Society (N-YHS), “The Salem Witch Trials: Reckoning and Reclaiming,” transports viewers to that bleak New England winter—and invites us to consider how we might have reacted to such events.
“It’s a call to re-examine our own behavior in moments of crisis,” says Anna Danziger Halperin, associate director of the N-YHS Center for Women’s History and the exhibition’s coordinating curator. “Everyone wants to think they would respond on the side of justice, but it’s really easy to get carried along and turn on one another.”
The exhibition evokes this history largely through rare documents, including the confession—no doubt given under duress—of Tituba, an enslaved Indigenous woman. But it also includes modern reclamations, including photographs by Frances F. Denny, a descendant of one of the Salem judges, that focus on present-day people who identify as witches.
Frances F. Denny (b. 1984). Keavy, (Brooklyn, New York), 2016, from Major Arcana: Portraits of Witches in America series. Archival pigment print. Courtesy of Frances F. Denny and ClampArt, New York, NY
Denny, it turns out, has not one but two ancestors directly involved in the witch hunts of 17th-century America—Samuel Sewall, the judge, and Mary Bliss Parsons, a woman who was accused and acquitted of witchcraft some years earlier. Denny, who has long focused her lens on the ways that female identity is constructed in America, began thinking about the term “witch” as a “primordial female archetype.”
In her portrait series and book, titled Major Arcana: Portraits of Witches in America, she captures how the word “witch” has evolved from a potentially deadly label her ancestor rejected to something embraced by many people today.
“Witch” has always been a capacious term. “Never one thing, she was several different beings at once,” historian Lyndal Roper writes in The Witch in the Western Imagination. All at once a seductress and a hag; a cunning shapeshifter and a gullible fool tricked into the service of the devil. The late journalist and Wiccan priestess Margot Adler wrote in Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers and Other Pagans in America that it’s exactly this “imprecision,” this ambiguity, that gives the word “witch” its power.
Frances F. Denny (b. 1984). Karen, (Brooklyn, New York), 2016, from Major Arcana: Portraits of Witches in America series. Archival pigment print. Courtesy of Frances F. Denny and ClampArt, New York, NY
Major Arcana doesn’t attempt to narrow down what it means to be a witch; the series’ power is in broadening our view of who witches are and what they believe. “As I started photographing, it became evident to me that a witch is not one thing,” Denny says. “You can hardly call it a community of witchcraft, because it’s so diverse.” Denny’s subjects vary not just by race but also by age, geography, gender identity, belief system and more.
Some of her subjects, who chose the outfits they would be pictured in, wore black capes—and yet most of them do not like the stereotypical witches that will flood the streets this Halloween. One, the high priestess of a Wiccan church and a surgical coordinator at an organ procurement agency, is pictured in her scrubs.
The group includes Wiccans and Vodou priestesses, green witches and kitchen witches, sex witches, cat witches, anarchist witches and a great many activist witches. Alongside many of the portraits in Denny’s series, both in the book and in the exhibition, the subjects provide text defining “witch” or “witchcraft” for themselves. (Many of these texts are read by the subjects themselves in an audio track that accompanies the portraits in the NYH-S exhibition.)
“Frankly, I think that if your witchcraft is not political, you are still asleep,” Leonore Tjia, a witch from Montpelier, Vermont, told Denny. “In a culture as racist and patriarchal and transphobic and homophobic and materialistic as ours is, if you don’t see the way witchcraft is radical and revolutionary, you have some waking up to do.”
Frances F. Denny (b. 1984). Leonore, (Montpelier, Vermont), 2016, from Major Arcana: Portraits of Witches in America series. Archival pigment print. Courtesy of Frances F. Denny and ClampArt, New York, NY
“Generations of women’s rights activists have looked at the history of witch hunts as a way of controlling and oppressing women’s behavior,” says Halperin.
In 19th-century America, Transcendentalism and first-wave feminism swept across the nation, and suffragists saw accused witches as fellow victims of a violent and ignorant patriarchy. In the second wave of feminism in the 1960s and ’70s, witchcraft was seen as a code for the skills, knowledge or independence obtained by women who men viewed as a threat, such as healing, midwifery or financial independence. In recent years, as the #MeToo movement took hold, a new generation of witches are sharing spells to “hex the patriarchy” on “WitchTok” (the occult corner of the social media platform TikTok) and in mainstream publications like TeenVogue.
Indeed, as Bianca Bosker writes in the Atlantic, the popularity of witchcraft has always spiked during periods of turmoil in the United States, from the Civil War to the Trump era, as people disillusioned with the status quo seek something new. The tides of feminism and witchcraft have always been tightly linked.
“Show me your witches, and I’ll show you your feelings about women,” writes Pam Grossman, author and host of the podcast “The Witch Wave,” and one of Denny’s subjects, in her own book Waking the Witch: Reflections on Women, Magic and Power.
Of course, one need not identify as a woman to be a witch. Major Arcana includes witches who are transgender, nonbinary and genderqueer. Even men can be witches, though none are featured in the portrait series.
As in any diverse community, disagreements bubble up. For some of the “old guard” witches who came up in the countercultural ’60s and ’70s, the mainstreaming of the occult is an assault on an identity that hinges on its fringe nature. Meanwhile, some modern witches who have had this identity used against them by abusers and family court systems see it as a pathway to safety and acceptance.
What unifies the group, in Denny’s view, is that so many of the witches in Major Arcana are using witchcraft as a healing modality. They turned to the occult to process trauma, to endure chronic illness or to find empowerment. Brooklyn-based witch Alex Patrick Dyck writes in Major Arcana, “we can heal ourselves to better heal others and our communities.”
This is a far cry from the historical definition of a witch—the one Denny’s ancestor rejected—as a malicious person who harms others through magical means.
Indeed, one of the widely accepted definitions of magic within the community, which comes from British occultist Dion Fortune, who lived in the first half of the 20th century, is “the art of changing consciousness at will.” Magic, in that sense, is a lot like meditation, or therapy, or psychedelics. It feels a bit mysterious, maybe even ridiculous, to those who don’t practice it, but for those who do, it’s a tool to change the way they interact with the world.
“At the end of the day, what is witchcraft?” Denny says. “It’s about finding alternative systems for processing the world around you, for connecting to the Earth, and for healing something in yourself or something in somebody else.”
What’s more human than that?
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This article is a selection from the November/December 2022 issue of Smithsonian magazine
Frances F. Denny (b. 1984). Shine, (New York, New York), 2017, from Major Arcana: Portraits of Witches in America series. Archival pigment print. Courtesy of Frances F. Denny and ClampArt, New York, NY
It is believed to involve rituals and ceremonies that allow witches to harness their powers and communicate with supernatural entities. These rituals can range from simple spells to elaborate ceremonies that involve the use of various tools and ingredients. Witches are also often associated with having a familiar spirit, which is believed to be an animal or a supernatural being that assists in their magical practices. This familiar can take the form of a cat, a toad, or even a raven, and is said to be a companion and advisor to the witch. Familiars are believed to possess their own powers and can be used by witches to carry out their bidding. Additionally, witches are often associated with engaging in activities that are considered to be taboo or against societal norms. This can include participating in rituals that involve nudity, dancing around a cauldron, or engaging in sexual acts. These behaviors are believed to serve as a means of harnessing the witch's powers and connecting with supernatural forces. Overall, the behaviors associated with being a witch vary across cultures and time periods, but there are some common characteristics that are often mentioned. These include the use of spells and enchantments, the practice of witchcraft, the presence of a familiar spirit, and engagement in activities that are considered socially taboo. While these behaviors are often portrayed as negative or evil, it is important to remember that these beliefs are rooted in folklore and mythology, and may not accurately represent the beliefs and practices of individuals who identify as witches today..
Reviews for "The psychology behind witch-like behaviors"
- John Doe - 1 star
I did not enjoy reading "Behaviors associated with being a witch" at all. The content was incredibly shallow and lacked any depth or substance. The author simply listed a bunch of cliché stereotypes and misconceptions about witches without providing any historical or cultural context. It felt like reading a poorly researched and poorly written magazine article. I was hoping to learn something new and gain a deeper understanding of the subject, but I was ultimately disappointed.
- Jane Smith - 2 stars
I found "Behaviors associated with being a witch" to be a rather simplistic and superficial book. While the topic is intriguing, the author failed to delve into the complexities associated with witchcraft and its cultural significance. The book mainly focused on the Hollywood portrayal of witches and listed a bunch of clichés without exploring their origins or historical context. I was expecting a more academic and in-depth study, but this book fell short of my expectations.
- Alexander Johnson - 1 star
"Behaviors associated with being a witch" was a major letdown for me. The author seemed to rely heavily on outdated stereotypes and misconceptions about witches. There was no attempt to provide any factual or historical basis for the behaviors associated with being a witch. It felt more like a collection of urban legends rather than a well-researched and informative book. I would not recommend this book to anyone seeking a serious exploration of witchcraft and its associated behaviors.