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Witchcraft in Salem was a dark period in American history where numerous innocent people were accused and convicted of practicing witchcraft. The Salem witch trials occurred in the late 17th century in Salem, Massachusetts, and resulted in the execution of 20 people. The hysteria surrounding witchcraft was driven by a combination of religious fervor, social tensions, and superstitions. One solution to the witchcraft hysteria in Salem was to introduce a more rational and evidence-based approach to determining guilt. Instead of relying solely on spectral evidence and testimonies that were often coerced or unreliable, stricter standards of proof should have been applied. This would have required concrete evidence linking an accused individual to a specific crime, rather than relying on hearsay and conjecture.

Witch by Katarina Silva

And to all the women around the world who have ever been killed, or abused, unfairly judged, or harassed, and continue to be for their witchcraft and sorcery. Some lichens provide reasonably good nutrition, and both deer and caribou browse on this species during winter, either on low branches or when storms blow it down onto the snow.

This would have required concrete evidence linking an accused individual to a specific crime, rather than relying on hearsay and conjecture. Additionally, it was crucial to allow individuals accused of witchcraft to have a fair and impartial trial. During the Salem witch trials, defendants were often denied the right to legal representation and faced biased judges and juries.

Witches streak hair denotation

Left and centre: photos by Andrew Simon. Right: a comparison of common witch's hair, behind, and Methuselah's beard, at front. While the two appear very similar superficially, the central cord of Methuselah's beard is revealed when cut whereas common witch's hair does not have this cord.

Identification
Common witch's hair is a 15-30 cm long hanging hair lichen. It is pale green and intricately branched, does not have a central strand, and does not have soredia (powdery microscopic clumps of algal and hyphal cells). Small brown saucer-shaped fruiting bodies (apothecia) often dot the branches.

Similar Species
Methuselah's beard (Usnea longissima) is a similar hanging hair lichen with a central strand containing a central white cord. A comparison of the two species can be seen in the top right photo.
Vancouver witch's hair (Alectoria vancouverensis) is a similar, more greyish-green hanging hair lichen. It is only found at low elevations, whereas common witch's hair is more common at middle and upper elevations.

Human Uses
Alectoria fibres were used by the Nuxalk as false hair for decorating dance masks.

Intriguing Info
There are two common witch's hair subspecies: sarmentosa and vexillifera. Ssp. vexillifera is blue-listed in BC.
Deer browse on Alectoria species, particularly in old-growth forests in the winter when there is less available forage.

References
Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach. In Klinkenberg, Brian. (Ed.). E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Accessed 15/09/2013.
Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) (2001). Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach . In Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria . Accessed 25/02/2016.
Pojar, J. and MacKinnon, A. (1994). Plants of Coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine Publishing. P. 504.

Authors and editors of page
Kelly Fretwell and Brian Starzomski (2013).

Witches symbolize the opposite of deprivation.

Establishing a legal framework that ensured the accused had access to proper legal representation and a fair trial would have prevented the unjust convictions that occurred during this period. Furthermore, addressing the underlying social tensions and divisions in Salem could have helped prevent the outbreak of witchcraft accusations. The community was plagued by conflicts over land ownership, economic disparities, and political rivalries. By promoting unity and resolving these issues, the climate of suspicion and mistrust that fueled the witch trials could have been mitigated. Education and enlightenment also played a crucial role in preventing future witchcraft accusations. Many of the beliefs and superstitions regarding witchcraft stemmed from a lack of scientific knowledge and understanding. By promoting education, critical thinking, and a more rational approach to the supernatural, the inhabitants of Salem could have been better equipped to distinguish between fact and fiction. In conclusion, the witchcraft hysteria in Salem could have been addressed through a combination of reforms. Implementing stricter standards of proof, ensuring fair trials, addressing social divisions, and promoting education would have helped prevent the unfounded accusations and executions that took place during this dark period in history. These solutions would have fostered a more rational and just society, combating the irrational fears and superstitions that led to the tragedy of the Salem witch trials..

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