"Was Thomasin a Witch the Whole Time?" The character of Thomasin in the novel "The Witch" by Arthur Miller has sparked much debate and speculation among readers. One prevailing theory is that Thomasin was a witch all along, subtly manipulating the events of the story to her advantage. Supporters of this theory point to several key moments in the novel where Thomasin's actions align with those of a witch. One such instance is her ability to survive the disappearance of her family members without suffering any harm herself. While this could be attributed to luck or coincidence, skeptics argue that it is too convenient for her to escape unscathed every time. They suggest that Thomasin is using her alleged witchcraft to protect herself and eliminate potential threats to her position.

How Red Wine is Made Step by Step

Red winemaking differs from white winemaking in one important way: the juice ferments with grape skins to dye it red.

Of course, there’s more to red winemaking than the color. Learning about the process reveals secrets about quality and taste that will improve your palate. So, let’s walk through each of the steps of how red wine is made from grapes to glass.

Step 1: Harvest red wine grapes

Red wine is made with black (aka purple) wine grapes. In fact, all the color you see in a glass of red wine comes from anthocyanin (red pigment) found in black grape skins.

During the grape harvest, the most important thing to do is to pick the grapes at perfect ripeness. It’s critical because grapes don’t continue to ripen after they’ve been picked.

1. Grapes picked too early may result in tart and thin-tasting wines.
2. Grapes picked too late may result in wines that taste overly ripe and flabby.

For all winemakers, the grape harvest season is the most critical (and very tense) time of year!

Bolder reds like Cabernet get the stems removed before the fermentation.

Step 2: Prepare grapes for fermentation

After the harvest, grapes head to the winery. The winemaker decides whether or not to remove the stems or to ferment grape bunches as whole clusters.

This is an important choice because leaving stems in the fermentation adds astringency (aka tannin) but also reduces sourness. As an example, Pinot Noir often ferments with whole clusters, but not Cabernet Sauvignon.

During this step, grapes also receive sulfur dioxide to stop bacterial spoilage before the fermentation starts. Check out this eye-opening article about sulfites and your health.

Yeasts like Saccharomyces Cerevisiae eat sugar and make alcohol.

Step 3: Yeast starts the wine fermentation

What happens is small sugar-eating yeasts consume the grape sugars and make alcohol. The yeasts come either from a commercial packet (just like you might find in bread making), or occur spontaneously in the juice.

Spontaneous fermentation uses yeast found naturally on grapes!

1. Commercial yeasts allow winemakers to produce very consistent wines year-in-and-out.
2. Natural yeasts are more challenging but often result in more complex aromatics.

Step 4: Alcoholic fermentation

Winemakers use many methods to tune the wine during fermentation.

For example, the fermenting juice gets frequently stirred to submerge the skins (they float!). One way to do this is to pump wine over the top. The other way is to punch down the “cap” of floating grape skins with a tool that looks like a giant potato masher.

1. Pumpovers rigorously extract lots of flavor from the grape skins and make for rich reds.
2. Punch downs extract flavors more delicately and thus they tend to produce more subtle red wines.

Step 5: Press the wine

Most wines take 5–21 days to ferment sugar into alcohol. A few rare examples, such as Vin Santo and Amarone, take anywhere from 50 days to up to 4 years to fully ferment!

After the fermentation, vintners drain the freely running wine from the tank and put the remaining skins into a wine press. Pressing the skins gives winemakers about 15% more wine!

The creamy-chocolatey taste in wine comes from special winemaking bacteria.

Step 6: Malolactic fermentation (aka “second fermentation”)

As the red wine settles in tanks or barrels, a second “fermentation” happens. A little microbe feasts on the wine acids and converts sharp-tasting malic acid into creamier, chocolatey lactic acid. (The same acid you find in greek yogurt!)

Nearly all red wines go through Malolactic Fermentation (MLF) but only a few white wines. One white wine we all know is Chardonnay. MLF is responsible for Chardonnay’s creamy and buttery flavors.

Many red wines age in oak barrels.

Step 7: Aging (aka “Elevage”)

Red wines age in a variety of storage vessels including wooden barrels, concrete, glass, clay, and stainless steel tanks. Each vessel affects wine differently as it ages.

Wooden barrels affect wine the most noticeably. The oak wood itself flavors the wine with natural compounds that smell like vanilla.

Unlined concrete and clay tanks have a softening effect on wine by reducing acidity.

Of course, the biggest thing that affects flavors in red wine is time. The longer a wine rests, the more chemical reactions happen within the liquid itself. Some describe red wines as tasting smoother and more nutty with age.

Focus on texture if you have a chance to make your own wine blend.

Step 8: Blending the wine

Now that the wine is good and rested, it’s time to make the final blend. A winemaker blends grape varieties together or different barrels of the same grape to make a finished wine.

Blending wine is a challenge because you have to use your sense of texture on your palate instead of your nose.

The tradition of blending created the many famous wine blends of the world!

Fining and filtering reduces the risk of bacterial spoilage.

Step 9: Clarifying the wine

One of the final steps of how a red wine is made is the clarification process. For this, many winemakers add clarifying or “fining” agents to remove suspended proteins in the wine (proteins make wine cloudy).

It’s pretty common to see winemakers use fining agents like casein or egg whites, but there is a growing group of winemakers using bentonite clay because it’s vegan.

Then, the wine gets passed through a filter for sanitation. This is important because it reduces the likelihood of bacterial spoilage.

Of course, a large group of fine winemakers do not fine or filter because they believe it removes texture and quality. Whether or not that’s true is something for you to decide.

“Bottle shock” happens if a wine is opened too soon after being bottled.

Step 10: Bottling and labeling wines

Now, it’s time to bottle our wine. It’s very important to do this step with as little exposure to oxygen as possible. A small amount of sulfur dioxide is often added to help preserve the wine.

Many fine wines continue to age in bottle for years.

Step 11: Bottle aging

Finally, a few special wines continue to age in the winemaker’s cellar for years. In fact, if you look up different types of red wines (like Rioja or Brunello di Montalcino) you’ll discover that this step is considered essential for reserve bottlings.

So, the next time you open a bottle try to figure out what went into it!

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How to Produce Wine: The Winemaking Process

Wine tasting is a particularly enjoyable experience, but do you know how wine is produced? How to “make wine” out of fruit grown on vines? What vinification process is used to produce this age-old drink from juicy grapes? What does direct pressing, malolactic fermentation, pellicular maceration, wine aging, or varietal blending involve?

In oenology, it is important to know how wine is produced to fully understand and appreciate the subtleties of each wine you taste. This comprehensive winemaking guide explains each step of the production process in detail, from the vineyard to the bottle:

These processes may vary depending on whether red, white, rosé, or sparkling wine is being produced. There are also many local variants, with specific techniques for certain regional wines, making each vineyard’s cru an original creation.

They suggest that Thomasin is using her alleged witchcraft to protect herself and eliminate potential threats to her position. Another piece of evidence often cited is Thomasin's close relationship with Black Phillip, the family's goat. It is through her interactions with him that Thomasin is introduced to the idea of witchcraft and begins to explore it further.

Viticulture: growing vines and grapes

It would take more than a book to describe the art of cultivating vines, mastered by mankind since ancient times. This article will only scratch the surface of the mysteries of winegrowing and its savoir-faire. You can appreciate its richness and diversity on a wine tourism trip around the beautiful vineyards of France . We’ll then go through all the stages of wine production.

Vineyards: a meeting of terroirs and grape varieties

The first step to making wine is to grow vines, which produce grapes.

Winegrowers need to have a good understanding of the local soil composition and climate characteristics to set up a vineyard and grow the right grape varieties. An AOC (Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée) or IGP (Indication Géographique Protégée) vineyard can only produce a vin de pays using certain recognized varieties.

A cépage is a grape variety whose properties directly influence the quality of wine and its aromas. Cabernet Sauvignon or Syrah black grapes, Pinot Gris red grapes, Riesling white grapes… Winegrowers will opt to grow certain varieties, with their aromatic signatures, rather than others, depending on the wine region and type of red, white, or rosé wine they want to produce.

Wine can be labelled organic if the winegrowing area is cultivated organically or biodynamically, using specific techniques, equipment and products, and complies with other environmental and phytosanitary criteria. Nevertheless, other winegrowers also produce wine that respects nature and the health of its consumers, without an organic certification.

Harvesting and sorting

Winegrowers start the harvesting process when the white, red, or black grapes reach their desired maturity (color, size, taste, natural sugar levels, etc). This age-old French tradition takes place towards the end of summer, from mid-August up until early autumn for some wine-growing terroirs, known as late harvesting.

Harvesting consists in hand-picking ripe and healthy grapes (a more qualitative method that involves picking them with secateurs and carrying them back) or using a harvesting machine (a more quantitative technique requiring more sorting after).

At the end of the harvest, the grapes must be carefully sorted to make the best quality wine possible. Juice can be extracted from the grapes and wine produced through vinification after this sorting phase.

Critics argue that Thomasin's connection to the goat and the supernatural powers it represents imply her involvement in witchcraft from the beginning. Furthermore, her conflicting emotions and ambiguous statements throughout the novel also raise suspicions. Thomasin often expresses guilt and sorrow over the disappearance of her family members, but some readers argue that her remorse could be an act to deceive others. They claim that her supposed witchcraft gives her the ability to manipulate emotions and sway others to her advantage. However, there are also those who reject the theory that Thomasin is a witch. They contend that she is an innocent victim caught in the midst of a witch hunt. Thomasin's actions, they argue, can be attributed to her survival instincts and her desperate attempts to escape the accusations and persecution surrounding her. Additionally, critics of the "Thomasin as a witch" theory suggest that her portrayal as a sympathetic and relatable character contradicts the idea that she is evil. Throughout the novel, Thomasin is depicted as a capable and resourceful young woman who is simply trying to navigate a world consumed by fear and superstition. In conclusion, whether Thomasin was a witch the whole time remains open to interpretation. The evidence presented by both supporters and skeptics of this theory showcases various instances where her actions can be seen as either cunning manipulation or desperate survival instincts. Ultimately, the decision lies with the reader to decide whether they believe Thomasin is a witch or an innocent victim of circumstance..

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